Neonatal Medicine: CPAP and Ventilation in Neonatal Respiratory Distress

You are reviewing Nathan, a 12 hour old neonate with respiratory distress. He is 37 weeks gestation and was born by caesarean section following failure to progress. The oxygen saturation is 94% in 50% FiO2, the respiratory rate is 80. There is moderate intercostal recession and an occasional grunt. Your hospital participated in the â€Å"bubbles for babies† trial and you have just started to use CPAP in your unit now the trial is finished. Your registrar suggests using CPAP on this neonate, but the nursing staff have called you to arrange transfer. Questions: Would you use CPAP or ventilate and transfer this neonate? Please give reasons for your choice with reference to the current literature. In your answer you should also consider the following main points: †¢ the benefits of CPAP over ventilation, particularly with reference to your current practice environment †¢ the potential complications of CPAP †¢ reasons why ventilation may be required even though CPAP is in situ. The baby Nathan is suffering from Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, which is a condition most often seen in newborn babies and is characterized by a difficulty in breathing.   The condition more frequently develops in prematurely born babies as their lungs are not fully developed.   The lubricant that lines the inner membranes of the lungs (known as ‘surfactant’) is deficient, thus causing difficulty in inflating the lungs and resulting in the air sacs collapsing. Surfactant helps to lower the surface tension of water that is present on the alveoli, thus helping to prevent the lung sacs from collapsing.   Usually, the condition develops in infants born before the 38 week.   The baby is cyanosed and has difficulty in breathing.   The accessory muscles of respiration are active and a frequent grunting sound is heard.   The other symptoms that may be observed include nasal flaring, shallow breathing, swollen legs, unusual movement of the chest wall, etc. The infant may be hypoxic and the CO2 levels in the blood rise.   The symptoms usually develop at birth, or a little while after birth.   The symptoms tend to worsen and may progress to respiratory failure and death.   As the prematurity increases, so does the chance of developing this condition.   This is because surfactant is produced only during the later stages of gestation in the infant.   The diagnosis of RDS in babies is made based on the history, presence of certain risk factors, Chest X-ray, Blood tests, CSF studies, lung tests, blood gas analysis, etc (Greene, 2007 & Merck, 2005). When a neonatal is born, certain signs are observed which include:- a heart rate between 110 to 150 beats per minute a respiratory rate between 40 to 70 breathes per minute absence of cyanosis, nasal flaring, grunting sounds, forceful use of accessory muscles during respiration, etc Oxygen saturation which is about 95 % the P ao2 is higher than 50 % the FiO2 is about 40 to 50 % (CCM, 2007, NGC, 2008, & Millar et al, 2004) Previously, for the treatment of RDS, ventilatory support was utilized.   This may be utilized if the blood carbon dioxide levels are high, the blood oxygen levels are low, and if acidosis sets in.   To some extent ventilation helps to reduce the infant mortality rate arising from RDS, but the morbidity to develop Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (a condition characterized by oedema of the air sacs and of the connective tissues due to persistent inflammation) is high as the young neonatal lungs are damaged from ventilation. One of the treatments that have been developed in order to overcome the limitations of ventilation is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP).   This is an advanced form of therapy in which the upper and the lower airways receive a continuous distending pressure through the infant’s pharynx and/or nose throughout the respiratory cycle.   An endotracheal tube can also be utilized.   The device is connected to a gas source that provides humidified warm air continuously (NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004, Tidy, 2007). CPAP has several benefits including:- helps to maintain a normal breathing pattern helps to arrive at normal functional residual capacity helps to lower any airway resistance in the upper respiratory tract helps to prevent development of apnea prevents the airways and the air sacs from collapsing helps stimulate release of surfactant helps to increase the lung volume and lung function After expiration, CPAP helps to keep the air sacs open The chances of developing lung trauma such as barotrauma and atelectotrauma are lesser (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). CPAP is required in several situations that arise from RDS including:- When it is difficult to maintain the Pa02 above 50 %. When the respiratory rate is above 70 breathes per minute Excessive use of the accessory muscles of respiration The oxygen saturation falls to between 90 to 95 % The presence of apnea It can be utilized along with administration of surfactant that develops out of the   Ã‚  need to treat RDS (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). As the patient is not suffering from a severe form of RDS and the oxygen saturation levels have not dropped to a serious extent, ventilatory support is not required, and the patient can be treated with CPAP.   Besides, the findings do not suggest that the patient is suffering from a cardiovascular complication, an upper respiratory tract abnormality or intractable apneic episodes.   Along with CPAP, several other measures are required such as using larger nasal prongs, ensuring that the baby is in a prone position and keeping a towel below the neck.   This helps to ensure that the certain areas are aerated better (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). CPAP has several complications including:- mucous from the upper respiratory tract may block the nasopharyngeal tube that delivers CPAP Sometimes blockages may result in the pressure rising to higher levels in the tube If the peak pressure is very high, then gastric complications can develop The nasopharyngeal tube has to be placed in exact position.   Any deviation from the position can result in fluctuation of the air pressure The nasal devices may be swallowed or aspirated resulting in severe complications Sometimes harnesses may be utilized to place the head and the neck in position.   This may cause serious dermatological and musculoskeletal complications in the infant Air leakage problems in the lungs Abdominal distention Decrease in the cardiac output Higher working of breathing pneumothoraces and air embolism can also develop Cardiac monitoring needs to be performed more closely in the case of CPAP compared to ventilation often air leaks from the nose and the mouth it may be very difficult to control the air press ure in the lower airways If CPAP is applied to an infant with normal lungs, several problems can develop Several respiratory complications such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium can develop (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004, Halamek et al, 2006) References: California College of Midwives (20080, Guidelines for Assessing the Neonate, [Online], Available: http://www.collegeofmidwives.org/Standards_2004/Standards_MBC_SB1950/Assess_HealthyNeonate_Oct2004_OOO.htm [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Greene, A. (2007), Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, [Online], Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001563.htm [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Halamek, L. P. Et al (2006), Continuous Positive Airway Pressure During Neonatal Resuscitation, Clin Perinatol, 33, pp. 83-98. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/91421747-3/jorg=journal&source=MI&sp=16080552&sid=690389052/N/525142/s0095510805001235.pdf?issn=0095-5108 Millar, D., & Kirpalani, H. (2004), Benefits of Non Invasive Ventilation, Indian Pediatrics, 41, pp. 1008-1017. http://www.indianpediatrics.net/oct2004/oct-1008-1017.htm NGC (2008), Complete Summary, [Online], Available: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=6516&nbr=4085, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Sehgal A. Et al (2003), Improving Oxygenation in Preterm Neonates with Respiratory Distress, [Online], Available: http://www.indianpediatrics.net/dec2003/1210.pdf, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. The Merck Manual (2005). Respiratory Distress Syndrome, [Online], Available: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec19/ch277/ch277h.html, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Tidy, C. (2006), Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), [Online], Available: http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000462/, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2].

Fin 4413

Finance 725Spring 2006 J. E. Hodder Corporation Finance Course Schedule Tuesday, January 17:Introduction Thursday, January 19:Clarkson Lumber Company Reading:Note on Financial Analysis a. How is the company's financial performance? (Examine  appropriate financial ratios. ) b. Why has Clarkson Lumber borrowed increasing amounts despite its consistent profitability? c. How has Mr. Clarkson met the financing needs of the company during the period 1993 through 1995? Has the financial strength of Clarkson Lumber improved or deteriorated? d. How attractive is it to take trade discounts?Tuesday, January 24:Clarkson Lumber Company (continued) Reading: a. Note on Financial Forecasting b. Note on Bank Loans a. How much of a loan will Mr. Clarkson need to finance the expected expansion in sales to $5. 5 million in 1996 and to take all the trade discounts? (Prepare a projected income statement for 1996 and a pro forma balance sheet as of December 31, 1996. ) b. As Mr. Clarkson’s financi al adviser, would you urge him to go ahead with, or to reconsider, his anticipated expansion and plans for additional debt financing? . As the banker, would you approve Mr. Clarkson’s loan request; and if so, what conditions would you put on the loan? Thursday, January 26:SureCut Shears, Inc. a. Evaluate SureCut’s financial performance using standard ratios. b. Why can’t SureCut repay it’s loan on time? In addressing this question, you may find it useful to construct a â€Å"sources and uses† statement for the period June 30, 1995 – March 31, 1996. Tuesday, January 31:SureCut Shears (continued) a. What actions would you recommend that SureCut take in order to address its financial problems? If Mr.Stewart agrees to a loan extension and your recommendations are implemented, when will SureCut be able to repay the loan in full? b. Would you, as Mr. Stewart, agree to a loan extension? What conditions or terms would you require? c. Compare the nat ure of the financial problems facing SureCut with those of Clarkson Lumber. Thursday, February 2:Advanced Technologies, Inc. Case Submission #1 Due a. In a volatile industry such as semiconductor equipment manufacturing, how useful is long-term financial planning? b. What are the key characteristics of ATI's markets and operating policies?How do these characteristics influence the company's financial structure? c. Has Mr. Michaels done a good job of financial planning? What set of possible conditions would place ATI under the greatest financing pressure, and how great would that pressure be? d. Should ATI sell equity in 1998, thereby bringing its financial structure more in line with those of its main competitors? Tuesday, February 7:Continental Carriers, Inc. a. How is the company's financial performance? (Examine  appropriate financial ratios. ) b. Given the nature of CCI’s business, how much debt can it support? . What are the respective costs of the different financing alternatives suggested? Thursday, February 9:Continental Carriers (continued) a. What information does the EBIT chart (Exhibit 3) provide? What inferences can we draw from it? b. What are the qualitative advantages and disadvantages of each of the forms of financing under consideration? c. How should the acquisition of Midland Freight be financed, taking into account the explicit costs of the different alternatives as well as other relevant considerations? Tuesday, February 14:Debt Policy at UST Inc . a.From the perspective of a bondholder, what are the primary attributes and business risks for UST? b. Why is UST considering a leveraged recapitalization after such a long history of conservative debt policy? c. Estimate the incremental effect on UST’s value if the entire $1 billion recapitalization is implemented immediately (January 1, 1999). Assume a 38% tax rate and perpetual debt. Also analyze, via a pro forma income statement, whether UST will be able to make interest pay ments. d. Would UST be better off with a different initial debt level? Should it adjust the debt level through time? e.Will the recapitalization hamper UST’s ability to maintain its long history of dividend payments? Thursday, February 16:No Class Meeting A â€Å"make-up† session is tentatively scheduled for 7:00 PM on Thursday February 2nd. The topic will be a brief review of Capital Structure Theory. Tuesday, February 21:Stone Container Corporation (A) a. Compare Roger Stone’s growth and financial strategies with those of his predecessors. b. Examine the sensitivity of Stone Container’s earnings and cash flow to the paper and linerboard pricing cycle. Assume sales volume of 7. 5 million tons per year and a 35% marginal tax rate.What would be the effect of a $50 per ton price increase? Is such an industry-wide price increase plausible? c. What should be Stone Container’s financial priorities in 1993? d. Of the financing alternatives described in t he case, which would be in the best interests of Stone’s shareholders? Which would be in the best interests of its high-yield debt holders? Which would be favored by its bank creditors? Thursday, February 23:Stone Container Corporation (continued) Case Submission #2 Due Tuesday, February 28:. Pioneer Petroleum Corporation a.Does Pioneer estimate its overall corporate weighted average cost of capital correctly? b. When evaluating projects and allocating investment funds among divisions, should Pioneer use a single corporate cost of capital or multiple divisional hurdle rates? If multiple rates are used, how should they be determined? c. Should all projects within a single division use the same hurdle rate? If not, how should different standards be determined? Thursday, March 2:Marriott Corporation: The Cost of Capital (Abridged) a. Are the four components of Marriott's financial strategy consistent with its growth objective? b.Why does Marriott use divisional hurdle rates inst ead of either a company-wide rate or project-specific rates? c. Estimate the WACC for Marriott as a whole. What risk-free rate and risk premium did you use in estimating the cost of equity? How did you measure the firm's cost of debt? Tuesday, March 7:Marriott Corporation (continued) a. Estimate the cost of equity, cost of debt, and WACC for Marriott's lodging and its restaurant divisions. b. What is the cost of capital for Marriott's contract services division? How can you estimate that division's equity costs without publicly traded comparable companies?Thursday, March 9:Pressco, Inc. (1985) a. What is the Net Present Value (NPV) of the mechanical drying equipment investment opportunity (as of December 1985) assuming a 12% cost of capital for Paperco? Assume the rumored new tax proposal is not enacted and the new equipment is installed in December 1986. b. What is the NPV of the investment project assuming that the new tax proposals are enacted, the new drying equipment is install ed in December 1986, and Paperco signs a binding purchase contract soon enough to be eligible for the 8% Investment Tax Credit and the use of ACRS depreciation? . Ms. Rogers knows that Paperco's management incorporated a 6% general inflation assumption into its overall cost of capital estimate. She also knows Paperco's management felt that fuel costs would remain unchanged through 1990 and then rise at 6% per year thereafter. How much, if at all, would the use of this information change the project's NPV estimate? Spring Break Tuesday, March 21:. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. : Titanium Dioxide a. What are Du Pont's competitive advantages in the Titanium Dioxide market as of 1972? How permanent or defensible are they?What must Du Pont do to retain its competitive advantages in the future? b. Given the forecasts provided in the case, estimate the incremental cash flows associated with Du Pont's growth strategy and its maintain strategy for the Titanium Dioxide market. How much ris k and uncertainty surround these future cash flows? c. How might competitors respond to Du Pont's choice of either strategy? What other factors should Du Pont consider in making this decision? Which strategy do you recommend? Thursday, March 23:. Wilmington Tap and Die a. Are the inflation assumptions used in the cash flow projections onsistent with the implicit inflation assumption in a 20% hurdle rate? b. Critically evaluate the sales forecasts for Wilmington, its competitors, and the market as a whole. Why does exhibit 7 indicate a declining market share for Wilmington? Why are other competitors growing more rapidly than Wilmington? c. Is it reasonable to assume that the competition will not purchase new technology grinders (either Icahn or one of the apparent German alternatives)? If instead you assume that Wilmington's competitors purchase modern grinders, how should the sales forecast be modified? d.What are possible implications of the higher quality taps produced on the Icah n (or similar) machines for unit sales projections and possible pricing differentials? e. Are there other aspects of the cash flow estimates which should be questioned? Tuesday, March 28:Wilmington Tap and Die (Continued) Case Submission #3 Due Thursday, March 30:Interco a. Assess Interco's financial performance. Why is the company a takeover target? b. As a member of Interco's board are you persuaded by the premiums paid analysis (exhibit 10) and the comparable transactions analysis (exhibit 11)? c.How does Wasserstein Perella's estimated valuation range of $68 – $80 per common share for Interco result from the assumptions in exhibit 12? As a member of Interco's board, which of those assumptions would you have questioned? d. How would you advise the Interco board on the $70 per share offer? Tuesday, April 4:Bougainville Power Station Reading:Brealey & Myers, Chapter 19 OR Ross, Westerfield, & Jaffe, Chapter 17 a. What are the values of loan subsidies on the English and Japan ese bids? b. What are the Present Values for the Interest Tax Shields on each bid? . Is 100% debt optimal for the power station equipment purchase? If not, how should the bid evaluations be adjusted? d. What is the appropriate discount rate for evaluating the Base Case NPV? Thursday, April 6:Southport Minerals Inc. a. What are the pros and cons of the approaches suggested in the case for evaluating the Firstburg Project? What are the advantages of APV compared with the approaches in the case? b. How would you estimate an unlevered cost of equity for this project? c. How should anticipated inflation be incorporated in the project evaluation? . Are there any assumptions regarding projected cash flows or loan repayments that you feel are either overly optimistic or overly pessimistic? Tuesday, April 11:Southport Minerals (continued) Case Submission #4 Due Thursday, April 13:Option Pricing and Real Options I Reading:Brealey & Myers, Chapters 20-22 OR Ross, Westerfield, & Jaffe, Chapters 22 and 23 Tuesday, April 18:Option Pricing and Real Options II Thursday, April 20:Option Pricing and Real Options III Tuesday, April 25:Wire Tel a.Estimate the value of the first generation product using APV. How much of that value is due to financing with the secured bank loan? b. What is the effect of the being able to sell the manufacturing equipment for $4 million in year three if demand for the first generation phones is low? c. What must be the minimum value of the growth option represented by the second generation product in order to justify starting Wire Tel? Thursday, April 27:MW Petroleum Corporation (A) a. Is it reasonable to expect that the MW properties are more valuable to Apache than to Amoco?What sources of value most plausibly account for the difference between buyer and seller? b. Value all the MW reserves using APV. Is your estimate more likely to be biased high or low? What are the sources of bias? c. How would you structure an analysis of MW as a portfolio of a ssets-in-place and options? d. Focusing on proved undeveloped reserves, what is the strike price for the embedded option? What are the current asset value, volatility, and other input parameters needed for an option valuation? Tuesday, May 2:MW Petroleum Corporation (continued) Case Submission #5 Due Thursday, May 4:Course Review Fin 4413 Finance 725Spring 2006 J. E. Hodder Corporation Finance Course Schedule Tuesday, January 17:Introduction Thursday, January 19:Clarkson Lumber Company Reading:Note on Financial Analysis a. How is the company's financial performance? (Examine  appropriate financial ratios. ) b. Why has Clarkson Lumber borrowed increasing amounts despite its consistent profitability? c. How has Mr. Clarkson met the financing needs of the company during the period 1993 through 1995? Has the financial strength of Clarkson Lumber improved or deteriorated? d. How attractive is it to take trade discounts?Tuesday, January 24:Clarkson Lumber Company (continued) Reading: a. Note on Financial Forecasting b. Note on Bank Loans a. How much of a loan will Mr. Clarkson need to finance the expected expansion in sales to $5. 5 million in 1996 and to take all the trade discounts? (Prepare a projected income statement for 1996 and a pro forma balance sheet as of December 31, 1996. ) b. As Mr. Clarkson’s financi al adviser, would you urge him to go ahead with, or to reconsider, his anticipated expansion and plans for additional debt financing? . As the banker, would you approve Mr. Clarkson’s loan request; and if so, what conditions would you put on the loan? Thursday, January 26:SureCut Shears, Inc. a. Evaluate SureCut’s financial performance using standard ratios. b. Why can’t SureCut repay it’s loan on time? In addressing this question, you may find it useful to construct a â€Å"sources and uses† statement for the period June 30, 1995 – March 31, 1996. Tuesday, January 31:SureCut Shears (continued) a. What actions would you recommend that SureCut take in order to address its financial problems? If Mr.Stewart agrees to a loan extension and your recommendations are implemented, when will SureCut be able to repay the loan in full? b. Would you, as Mr. Stewart, agree to a loan extension? What conditions or terms would you require? c. Compare the nat ure of the financial problems facing SureCut with those of Clarkson Lumber. Thursday, February 2:Advanced Technologies, Inc. Case Submission #1 Due a. In a volatile industry such as semiconductor equipment manufacturing, how useful is long-term financial planning? b. What are the key characteristics of ATI's markets and operating policies?How do these characteristics influence the company's financial structure? c. Has Mr. Michaels done a good job of financial planning? What set of possible conditions would place ATI under the greatest financing pressure, and how great would that pressure be? d. Should ATI sell equity in 1998, thereby bringing its financial structure more in line with those of its main competitors? Tuesday, February 7:Continental Carriers, Inc. a. How is the company's financial performance? (Examine  appropriate financial ratios. ) b. Given the nature of CCI’s business, how much debt can it support? . What are the respective costs of the different financing alternatives suggested? Thursday, February 9:Continental Carriers (continued) a. What information does the EBIT chart (Exhibit 3) provide? What inferences can we draw from it? b. What are the qualitative advantages and disadvantages of each of the forms of financing under consideration? c. How should the acquisition of Midland Freight be financed, taking into account the explicit costs of the different alternatives as well as other relevant considerations? Tuesday, February 14:Debt Policy at UST Inc . a.From the perspective of a bondholder, what are the primary attributes and business risks for UST? b. Why is UST considering a leveraged recapitalization after such a long history of conservative debt policy? c. Estimate the incremental effect on UST’s value if the entire $1 billion recapitalization is implemented immediately (January 1, 1999). Assume a 38% tax rate and perpetual debt. Also analyze, via a pro forma income statement, whether UST will be able to make interest pay ments. d. Would UST be better off with a different initial debt level? Should it adjust the debt level through time? e.Will the recapitalization hamper UST’s ability to maintain its long history of dividend payments? Thursday, February 16:No Class Meeting A â€Å"make-up† session is tentatively scheduled for 7:00 PM on Thursday February 2nd. The topic will be a brief review of Capital Structure Theory. Tuesday, February 21:Stone Container Corporation (A) a. Compare Roger Stone’s growth and financial strategies with those of his predecessors. b. Examine the sensitivity of Stone Container’s earnings and cash flow to the paper and linerboard pricing cycle. Assume sales volume of 7. 5 million tons per year and a 35% marginal tax rate.What would be the effect of a $50 per ton price increase? Is such an industry-wide price increase plausible? c. What should be Stone Container’s financial priorities in 1993? d. Of the financing alternatives described in t he case, which would be in the best interests of Stone’s shareholders? Which would be in the best interests of its high-yield debt holders? Which would be favored by its bank creditors? Thursday, February 23:Stone Container Corporation (continued) Case Submission #2 Due Tuesday, February 28:. Pioneer Petroleum Corporation a.Does Pioneer estimate its overall corporate weighted average cost of capital correctly? b. When evaluating projects and allocating investment funds among divisions, should Pioneer use a single corporate cost of capital or multiple divisional hurdle rates? If multiple rates are used, how should they be determined? c. Should all projects within a single division use the same hurdle rate? If not, how should different standards be determined? Thursday, March 2:Marriott Corporation: The Cost of Capital (Abridged) a. Are the four components of Marriott's financial strategy consistent with its growth objective? b.Why does Marriott use divisional hurdle rates inst ead of either a company-wide rate or project-specific rates? c. Estimate the WACC for Marriott as a whole. What risk-free rate and risk premium did you use in estimating the cost of equity? How did you measure the firm's cost of debt? Tuesday, March 7:Marriott Corporation (continued) a. Estimate the cost of equity, cost of debt, and WACC for Marriott's lodging and its restaurant divisions. b. What is the cost of capital for Marriott's contract services division? How can you estimate that division's equity costs without publicly traded comparable companies?Thursday, March 9:Pressco, Inc. (1985) a. What is the Net Present Value (NPV) of the mechanical drying equipment investment opportunity (as of December 1985) assuming a 12% cost of capital for Paperco? Assume the rumored new tax proposal is not enacted and the new equipment is installed in December 1986. b. What is the NPV of the investment project assuming that the new tax proposals are enacted, the new drying equipment is install ed in December 1986, and Paperco signs a binding purchase contract soon enough to be eligible for the 8% Investment Tax Credit and the use of ACRS depreciation? . Ms. Rogers knows that Paperco's management incorporated a 6% general inflation assumption into its overall cost of capital estimate. She also knows Paperco's management felt that fuel costs would remain unchanged through 1990 and then rise at 6% per year thereafter. How much, if at all, would the use of this information change the project's NPV estimate? Spring Break Tuesday, March 21:. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. : Titanium Dioxide a. What are Du Pont's competitive advantages in the Titanium Dioxide market as of 1972? How permanent or defensible are they?What must Du Pont do to retain its competitive advantages in the future? b. Given the forecasts provided in the case, estimate the incremental cash flows associated with Du Pont's growth strategy and its maintain strategy for the Titanium Dioxide market. How much ris k and uncertainty surround these future cash flows? c. How might competitors respond to Du Pont's choice of either strategy? What other factors should Du Pont consider in making this decision? Which strategy do you recommend? Thursday, March 23:. Wilmington Tap and Die a. Are the inflation assumptions used in the cash flow projections onsistent with the implicit inflation assumption in a 20% hurdle rate? b. Critically evaluate the sales forecasts for Wilmington, its competitors, and the market as a whole. Why does exhibit 7 indicate a declining market share for Wilmington? Why are other competitors growing more rapidly than Wilmington? c. Is it reasonable to assume that the competition will not purchase new technology grinders (either Icahn or one of the apparent German alternatives)? If instead you assume that Wilmington's competitors purchase modern grinders, how should the sales forecast be modified? d.What are possible implications of the higher quality taps produced on the Icah n (or similar) machines for unit sales projections and possible pricing differentials? e. Are there other aspects of the cash flow estimates which should be questioned? Tuesday, March 28:Wilmington Tap and Die (Continued) Case Submission #3 Due Thursday, March 30:Interco a. Assess Interco's financial performance. Why is the company a takeover target? b. As a member of Interco's board are you persuaded by the premiums paid analysis (exhibit 10) and the comparable transactions analysis (exhibit 11)? c.How does Wasserstein Perella's estimated valuation range of $68 – $80 per common share for Interco result from the assumptions in exhibit 12? As a member of Interco's board, which of those assumptions would you have questioned? d. How would you advise the Interco board on the $70 per share offer? Tuesday, April 4:Bougainville Power Station Reading:Brealey & Myers, Chapter 19 OR Ross, Westerfield, & Jaffe, Chapter 17 a. What are the values of loan subsidies on the English and Japan ese bids? b. What are the Present Values for the Interest Tax Shields on each bid? . Is 100% debt optimal for the power station equipment purchase? If not, how should the bid evaluations be adjusted? d. What is the appropriate discount rate for evaluating the Base Case NPV? Thursday, April 6:Southport Minerals Inc. a. What are the pros and cons of the approaches suggested in the case for evaluating the Firstburg Project? What are the advantages of APV compared with the approaches in the case? b. How would you estimate an unlevered cost of equity for this project? c. How should anticipated inflation be incorporated in the project evaluation? . Are there any assumptions regarding projected cash flows or loan repayments that you feel are either overly optimistic or overly pessimistic? Tuesday, April 11:Southport Minerals (continued) Case Submission #4 Due Thursday, April 13:Option Pricing and Real Options I Reading:Brealey & Myers, Chapters 20-22 OR Ross, Westerfield, & Jaffe, Chapters 22 and 23 Tuesday, April 18:Option Pricing and Real Options II Thursday, April 20:Option Pricing and Real Options III Tuesday, April 25:Wire Tel a.Estimate the value of the first generation product using APV. How much of that value is due to financing with the secured bank loan? b. What is the effect of the being able to sell the manufacturing equipment for $4 million in year three if demand for the first generation phones is low? c. What must be the minimum value of the growth option represented by the second generation product in order to justify starting Wire Tel? Thursday, April 27:MW Petroleum Corporation (A) a. Is it reasonable to expect that the MW properties are more valuable to Apache than to Amoco?What sources of value most plausibly account for the difference between buyer and seller? b. Value all the MW reserves using APV. Is your estimate more likely to be biased high or low? What are the sources of bias? c. How would you structure an analysis of MW as a portfolio of a ssets-in-place and options? d. Focusing on proved undeveloped reserves, what is the strike price for the embedded option? What are the current asset value, volatility, and other input parameters needed for an option valuation? Tuesday, May 2:MW Petroleum Corporation (continued) Case Submission #5 Due Thursday, May 4:Course Review

Seven Pillars of Wisdom, by T.E Lawrence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Seven Pillars of Wisdom, by T.E Lawrence - Essay Example The narrator in the four chapters is presented as one who engages his people in essential preparation to ensure that the matter at hand pushes through. Proper coordination of the made plans is also seen to be essentially well thought of. Joyce, Winterton, Young, Rolls, and every other individual involved in the war activities undertake their duties without delay and in an efficient and effective manner. Under the supervision of the narrator, most the plans made end up successful. The main event within and across the four chapters (CVIII-CXI) revolves around war and fights. This is demonstrated by how the involved individuals go about discharging their duty. The narrator-led team ambushes the blockhouse, capturing unsuspecting individuals and injuring others. Demolition of enemy properties is also seen in the way the organized armored car attack brought down a bridge to cut off transportation and possible attacks from neighbors (Lawrence 425). The war context presented in the four chapters is explained through a number of observable situations. First, the intention is to injure, kill, or destroy. The Turks are in most cases at the receiving end. However, this does not mean that Joyce and the rest of the team are risk-free. There are instances where the attacking team has had its members injured, meaning that all the societies involved in this war and fighting are well aware that wars might break out any time. This is evidenced by the fact that even the attacks regions are essentially ready for an attack. The war events and situations, the attackers and those attacked, the collaborating troops and soldiers, and the arming of people in all the aforementioned regions are fundamental in the context of the agenda presented in chapter CVIII-CXI. In the absence of these aspects, the war context is not complete. In such a context, there are winners and losers. Essentially, the narrator, Joyce, Rolls, and the rest of

President Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

President Obama - Essay Example The reality of his performance, however, has been subject to serious scrutiny. Barack Obama is the 44th president of the United States. Having a Kenyan father and spending some time in Indonesia, Obama is considered as a representative of the American Story of success (White House, 2011). He is also the winner of the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize. He made history in 2008 when he won the U.S. presidential election. But who is Barack Obama, the individual? Answering that question is much more difficult than it seems. Belonging to a family headed by a Kenyan father and his childhood spent in Jakarta definitely separates him from the long line of presidents hailing, almost exclusively, from the native land. More fruitful for understanding who he is and what he is about is the portrait of a highly ambitious politician with the self-assurance that stems from a stellar Ivy League record, a wife to match and early electoral successes. These are the traits that do not, as an understatement, represen t the average African American. Hence his ‘African Americanism’ is not part of his core identity. He is analogous to any previous or forthcoming American president in all relevant ways. We must, however, agree to acknowledge this accomplishment and consider it a benchmark for years to come. Despite his African American reality, Obama was able to attract scores of people to support him before being the president elect, and even before being the first choice candidate for the democrats. The enormity of his achievement is summarized by the fact that not only is he the first African American president, he is also one of the few presidents to live up to his word post election. Michelle Obama has also been a source of inspiration for many Americans. Not only is she the first African American lady, she is also a philanthropist, activist and ardent supporter of her husband’s policies. Her contribution is not limited to the advice she gives to her husband on the administr ative front, rather he unwavering support and love for the president acts as a source of peace and serenity. The president often quotes her to be as the source of love and calm in her life. She is not only fulfilling her duties as a first lady, she is also fulfilling her responsibilities as a mother, wife and patron of the family at the fullest. This is what any working man needs, and given the fact that her man is the most important man in the world, she is definitely not disappointing anyone in making life easy for him. Analyzing his reign: The first two years of Barack Obama’s reign saw the compilation of a substantial amount of policy accomplishment. The major changes and policy initiatives undertaken by his government include the economic stimulus ( meant to correct the mess created by years of non-regulation and poor foresight by previous policy makers), bringing a substantial recovery to the financial system, aiding two of the major auto makers of the United States, th e universal healthcare program, the increasing initiative and reform for financial regulation and significant changes in the foreign policy, especially with respect to Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The foreign policy of Barack Obama’s office is often compared with that of the President Bush’s reign. The Bush doctrine saw a turn in US foreign policy, marked by full scale militarization and the unilateralism in achieving the objective of defending the US security and its vital interest, irrespective of other countries, and by establishing US hegemony in the world. Obama’s foreign policy strategy aims at reaffirming US leadership in a changing

Bureacracy and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bureacracy and Democracy - Essay Example The goal is to establish a decision that is either rational or efficient in attaining the desirable goal. The goal revolves around ensuring the organization survives and the self –interests of an individual. This Theory is neo classical in nature .It connects politics and microeconomics by looking at the complaints of individuals like public servants, and citizens as similar to what self interested producers and consumers do. This theory can be traced back to the times of Adam Smith .He reasoned that when people act on self interest they may end up engaging in acts that ultimately benefit the whole society .Taking an example of a business man seeking to enrich himself. He have to make good Quality goods that are cheaper than competitors so as to increase sales and maximize revenue. In turn the society benefits from cheaper goods of better quality. From this we see that common benefit and social order are obtainable from market mechanism as opposed to the government being stron g and centralized .The elements of the market being unregulated to some degree, participants having self interest and the producers being competitive constitute the aspects of this theory. For rational choice, the drive is self interest .It influences our actions and also decisions. From this we can develop the notion of how market for goods that are public operate .People will purchase services and also goods that they prefer. Producers in this scenario are competitive, having self interests tied to responding to the demands of the consumer .We need to examine how this theory relates to authority. It goes against the public administration theory stating the people (authority eg government) are responsible for public service provision and how they should work towards it .This role becomes a function of the market forces of demand and supply and how the interact in the market. Rational choice impacts public administration in two ways. a) It has an impact on organizational behavior an d serves to explain Bureaucratical behaviors as put forth by Max Weber (Weber & Andreski, 2009). b) How public services are delivered. It encourages reforms in the public sector c) It pushes rationality in choice as the new way as opposed to Max Weber s theories on decision making (He encouraged bureaucracy) It is worth noting that rational decision making is also viewed as a normative approach to decision making 2) The simple decision making Theory This is the second theory on decision making. It explains on how decisions are actually made. It is also referred to as the descriptive approach to decision making. .To understand this we look at examples of institutions and how they are managed, Policy makers and administrators of public institutions fail to utilize scientifically obtained knowledge .Their reason at times science demands the problems to be put into fragments .This fragmentation makes it difficult to obtain quick insight into the problem .Knowledge for rational decision is not perfect as argued by scientists. Another key aspect of decisions made under this theory is that their very nature call for the authority to reach a decision .The public willingly takes the consequences resulting from them .In cases like this it becomes paramount for citizens to understand that their interests are at heart Question 2 According to Kirlin, there are seven major questions that by addressing them we get an insight into public

Chinese Film Crows and Sparrows directed by Zheng Junli et al (1949) Essay

Chinese Film Crows and Sparrows directed by Zheng Junli et al (1949) commentary - Essay Example As such, the developer of the film, Zheng Junli adopts a critical view of the society as he addresses numerous issues affecting the citizenry at the time through artistic portrayal of numerous thematic issues in the film. Arguably, the success of the film, Crows and Sparrows arose from the artistic innovation exhibited by the developers. The film is a criticism of the early Chinese society during the revolutionary ages. The developer strives to recreate the events. In doing this, the developer employs numerous film creation techniques in enhancing the recreation process. The setting of the fictional storyline is the war-torn Chine with the war influencing the successive plot for the film. However, in order to create the setting the developer portrays his creativity and innovation as the position the story line in the society. Among the key features that portray the developer’s creativity is the selection of appropriate characters in the film. The film stars Zhao Dan and Sun Daolin both of who are professional actors. The two among the many other characters in the film portray their professionalism thus enhancing the success of the film in its recreation of the society. In retrospect, arts are relative. Such is a fundamental argument that validates the numerous techniques used in the creation of the film. The development of the film contributed to the burgeoning film industry in China as the time. Just as was the case with many other films that debut at the time, the film exhibited creativity and

Economic Integration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Economic Integration Law - Essay Example They represent free trade area while resulting in trade creation by shifting the production of some items from less efficient member countries to more efficient member countries. Regional economic integration encourages countries in a geographic region to reduce or remove tariff and non-tariff barriers which allow free flow of goods and services among them. At the end, the system promotes global business (OPPapers.com, 2011). In recent years, international trade has been witnessed an emergence of two parallel trends, the first one is the rise of regionalism, and the second one is legalism in the enforcement trade agreements. In case of regionalism, there is a host of new integration initiatives drawn along the geographical lines. The two trends have succeeded to garner scholarly attention and spark comparative analysis of regional versus multilateral arrangements. And, at the same time they lead debate regarding the political dynamics of judicialisation within individual facts. Trade facts at regional level exhibits considerable variation in governance structures which are an interesting factor. Moreover, a question of institutional design has proven contentious in recent trade negotiations which underscore their political salience. The creation of supranational institutions in regional trade agreements have direct implications for the academic debates in related to globalisation, sovereignty, and interdependence (Smith, J. 2003). Post Second World War witnessed a prominence of multilateralism and regionalism as more and more countries joined the process of economic integration. We can see the trend during the period 1940-1990. In the process of economic integration, countries those who have entered into the free trade area have introduced several measures for the easy flow of goods and services between the member countries. As a result role played by tariffs in international trade has been declined. Generally countries used trade barriers such as customs, quot as, taxes, duties, anti dumping measures, health, environmental, and safety certification requirements, countervailing duties, constitutional laws, and licenses for the restriction of trade. But, when countries entered into the economic integration, these restrictions have been liberalised for the facilitation of free trade movement. Agreements at regional level which are known as Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) generally restricted to a particular geographical location and are becoming a defining feature of the modern economy. These are the free trade agreements among the countries of a particular geographical location. Following the success of European Union, which shows that RTAs can build prosperity and peace, countries in other geographical region came closer to form the similar agreements at the regional level. As a result more than 300 regional trading arrangements were registered under World Trade Organisation, and majority of the countries belonging to European Union, Amer ica, Austria, Africa, and Asian continent joined regional grouping of one sort or the other. Compare to other regions, countries of the Asian continent were the recent entrants for this field, but they rapidly catching up the race. On the other hand, RTAs in African continent

Letter of Intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter of Intent - Essay Example At the age of 11, I moved to the new world and it was in America that I fully experienced the problems of adjusting and integrating into a new culture. From the language spoken on the streets to the manner in which the schools functioned, everything was different and everything was new. I feel that I could have simply faded out and been overwhelmed with pressure had it not been for the kind teachers and other professionals who were willing to help. I remember one teacher in particular who clarified to me both cultural and educational differences and spent hours of her time engaged with me after work. I recall that even knowing the different currency values was an enlightening step for me. Even understanding the various mathematical conventions became a revelation for me since it allowed me to perform better at school. The dedication of these teachers put me in a position that today I wish to be a teacher myself and help those who may need assistance from my side in any way I could provide it. This is the root of my intent since I clearly remember the hard work, effort and persistence of individuals such as her. My life experiences were changed completely due to the care shown by my teachers and I hope to carry on the same process. I particularly want to focus on Low-income communities since they may have many children who desperately need help I am sure that I can make a positive difference in their life by sharing my experiences with them and teaching them. I also believe that without the presence of organizations such as the corps, many such children could easily be lost in the system. To conclude, my personal aim in working for the corps is completely inline with the agenda of the corps to provide all possible support to the children who are growing up in low income communities. I have no qualms in saying that my aim certainly stems from my own experiences and the difficulties I faced in coming to accept a

Stories of Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stories of Change - Research Paper Example Reasons for organizational change may include changes in opportunities, changes in technology; customer needs changes, change as a result of globalization and financial wealth. Organizations need to have an ability of adapting effectively and rapidly to the change process for them to remain competitive in today’s rapidly  changing  world. Therefore, organizational managers need to determine ways of nurturing the change process required as well as determine the different approaches required to make the change process effective to ensure organizational feasibility (Gupta, 2011). It is essential for any organization to accept change process positively if it needs to stay viable in the competitive market. However change process is not an easy process, and there are so many points that can go immoral. Among them is opposition and resistance from employees regarding the change process. Therefore, it is essential to manage the process with an effort of reducing the chance of such confrontation (Hayes & Richardson, 2008). According to the stories of change, there are 3 significant errors presented in the McDonald, Hewlett-Packard, and Kodak organizations. For Hewlett-Packard organization, Carly in 1999 became the company’s new chief executive officer at a period when the company was faced with many business issues and lacked a proper direction. The main aim of Carly was to rearrange the organization to have a good effective flow of ideas. During the year 2002, the company merged with Compaq Computer Corp (CCP) that was a very major but a desperate change p rocess. It is essential for an organization to anticipate a change process for them to react pro-actively rather than reactively for it to be effective (Gupta, 2011). For Kodak change story, the organization biggest recommendation was communicating more effectively with workers on the desired change process. One of the big challenges that organization face is on how to

Integrating sources to support Essay Example for Free

Integrating sources to support Essay The self, for most, should be the last thing on one’s mind. Doing so will drive a person away from being self-centered or at worst selfish. People say that being self-centered is a sure way to make enemies, and to nurture the ill feelings of others. However, the self is just as important as one’s treatment of others when it comes to developing one’s sense of identity. Too much pride can be bad. Yet pride when used properly is the right antidote against self pity and the loss of identity. Confidence, self concept, and decisiveness all come from personal identity. When a person knows what he can do and what he can be, the more likely that he can be successful in his chosen field or profession. Self-concept begets him the inspiration to do something he can despite his inadequacies as a person. A strong self-concept allows a person to appreciate what he has, revert to his own self, and create something good out of the changes in him. Thus, one should strive to make a positive self concept to bear a positive identity. Despite the Odds This is the premise of Alice Walker’s Beauty When the Other Dancer is the Self. Alice, who became blind upon an accident which she decided to keep forever, lost her identity. Used to the fact that she was the cute little girl everybody admired, she was devastated to learn that her blindness changed the whole of her. She even lost the favor that she is used to getting from her father. This event instilled in her the change that forever altered her life. But Alice was able to live an almost normal life. She even had her own family, and it was in this new family that she was able to conquer her fear in herself. When she was assured by her daughter that her blindness made her special instead of different, she received a renewed view of her personal identity. What has become a shattered view of herself became whole again, and she got the affirmation that her blindness did not make her a different person. She may have been blinded, but she is the same Alice she knew herself to be. Zora Hurston’s How It Feels to be Colored Me reveals that beauty is a state of mind. Zora was black and grew up in a black neighborhood. Moving into the white’s world startled her a bit, but little had she felt that she is different from others. She knew she is colored, but she never felt it affected her substantially. Typically, an ordinary individual will create a comfort zone on the place he grew up in, and the things that she was used to do. Zora dispelled this. She knew she had to break the barriers of her comfort zone to achieve her goals. She knew that being stifled by her difference is the worst mistake she can do. And so she defied the conventions and enriched her uniqueness instead of focusing on her difference. Nancy Mairs had the same concepts. Being suddenly crippled by multiple sclerosis, Mairs found herself trapped in a situation no one will ever want but she. But Mairs was wise. She transformed her ordeal to a milestone by getting inspiration from her condition to write a piece that will both honor her condition, her newfound strength, and to inspire the many other that are in the same situation as she is. A State of Mind Searching for and finding one’s personal identity can be a positive experience for a person when the end result is a positive one. However, finding a positive identity can also be dependent on one’s view of oneself and of the occurrences in his life. A positive view of oneself is a state of mind. When one sees the good in his life and his person, despite all the bad, finding an identity can be an enriching and inspiring experience not only for himself but also for the others. The state of mind is an important aspect that every person must develop. Truly it will be hard to prepare oneself from the unexpected, but preparations are less needed as compared to reason and sound thinking. When a person can decide quickly and save himself from the psychological miseries that destiny can bring, he is a better person that the one who thoroughly prepares for the unexpected that can happen. It is by seeing the positive in one’s shortcomings that one can be truly at peace with oneself. In effect, making peace with the self can bring forth bounty because it defies all the negative energy that bad impression of self brings. It is only through inner peace that one can truly appreciate his abilities and usefulness. Through this can one be truly productive. Hidden Truths We all have our perceptions of ourselves. As with our three authors, some self concepts can be positive, some negative. While it is prescriptive to make a positive self concept, life still can be filled with surprises. As learned by Wayson Choy, there are truths in our own selves waiting to be uncovered despite all our efforts to create the most truthful self image and personal identity. These hidden truths can be squarely unfair. For Choy for instance, as he recounted in his Ten Thousand Things, the hidden truth was that the parents he knew all his life were not his own parents. As if the truth was not painful enough, his uncovering of the truth was set at the time when his parents are already dead. As a complete orphan there were only two aunts to ask, and confirm, what an interviewer revealed to him: he is an adopted. Like Zora, the revelations shattered his comfort zone a bit. The revelation was so sudden that despite the progressive turn of event it still surprised him. He prepared himself for the worst, but when the worst came he was still unprepared. Yet Choy is wise enough to accept the truth and re-create himself from that truth. This shows that every condition is a positive one when one’s state of mind is positive. Acceptance can make one get used to a condition however negative it can be. Conclusion Personal identity is important. It creates a person—his thoughts, his feelings, his whole self. Thus, it is important that one’s self concept is agreeable to him. A negative perception of self affects a person negatively. When a person feels pressured with problems and self pity, he tends to focus his strengths into his negative thoughts and will find less time and energy into transforming his ideas into tangible results. As much as identity creates a person, a person equally creates his personal identity. Self concept is a fruit of one’s view of the events that occur in his lifetime. When a person perceives the negative as challenges to overcome rather than problems that interfere to one’s goals, he gives himself a chance to use these interferences positively and this will affect him positively as well. It will be healthy for a person to nurture a positive self concept and create a unique identity inspired by his difference as compared to others. He can use these to increase his productivity and capabilities, the products of which benefits himself, others, and improves his sense of self and others perception of him.

Democracy in Government of Republic of Korea

Democracy in Government of Republic of Korea Korea and the U.S. have been maintaining a friendly relationship since South Korea became independent from Japan. Korea got emancipated from Japan as soon as the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, during World War 2 on the 15th of August, 1945. Since then, The U.S. backed up South Korea with democracy, and the Soviet Union backed up North Korea with communism. They both had totally opposite ideologies about government. The U.S. and South Korea headed toward democracy, on the other hand, the Soviet Union and North Korea pointed to communism. Due to the inconsistency of the opinions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, South Korea had to be separated from North Korea by decision of other countries. Going through the process of electing the president and the members of the National Assembly and framing the constitution, Korean government was established as a formal country in the world under the constitution with help of the U.S. on 15th of August in 1948 . That is why Korean and the U.S. government structure have very similar aspects; however, as time goes by, Koreans have changed their government to fit their people better. In this paper, I am going to look into government structure, political issues, and public attitudes between the U.S. and Korea. The government structure of the U.S. and Korea is basically almost the same. They both consist of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial to check and balance. First of all, the legislative branch of South Korea is called the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. The biggest difference of the structure is that Korean legislative consists of a single house in the National Assembly which has 299 members, elected for a four year term, 243 members in single-seat constituencies and 56 members by proportional representation. On the other hand, the legislative of the U.S. is divided into two houses, Senate and the House of Representatives. The reason why Korea has only one House is because South Korea is a small country, having too many people in Congress would actually slow the political process. The organization of the National Assembly is made of the individual members, the Speaker and two Vice Speakers as a presiding officer, 16 committees, and other supporting admini strative organs. Main activities of the congress can be divided into three parts extensively such as legislation, finance, and nation. Congress is able to pass legislation, and the bills go through a very similar process to the U.S. Even the presidential signing of bills is similar. When the bill is finally delivered to the president, the president is able to sign or veto, including pocket veto. The only thing which is different from the U.S. legislative process is the time the president has in order to make a decision regarding a bill. In financial work, they make a budget on the government’s revenue and expenditures for the fiscal year. They are also empowered to inspect about, audit and impeach public officials according to the legal procedures. Second, the executive branch consists of the President, the Prime Minister, and executive ministers in cabinet. In the U.S. the popular vote plays a role to determine which candidates are going to have the electoral vote of states, and the candidate who gets more electoral vote finally becomes the president. On the other hand, in Korea the president is elected every 4 years only by popular vote. The U.S. and Korean president have the same powers such as the appointment power, the power to convene congress, the power to make treaties, the pardoning power, and so forth. Back in the 1950s, Korea used to have the position of a vice president. Before a revolutionary movement for anti-irregularities and anti-government broke out on April 19th, in 1960, the first president of South Korea had held the office for 12 years. At that time, there was the vice president who organized a political party which supported the president. He became the vice president by a fraudulent election and helped t he president who was involved to be able to keep the position for long time. Since then, the system got changed by removing a vice president and giving more power to the prime minister. Therefore, the prime minister plays a role as a vice president in Korea and is nominated by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. The prime minister’s main role is to assist the president, to succeed the president in an emergency, and to supervise 18 ministries. At last, the judicial branch used to consist of three levels of courts; the Supreme Court, the appeals courts, and the district courts. However, the court system was changed recently, so that there is only a federal court. Provinces and local government are not allowed to establish their own prosecution system. The biggest difference between the U.S. and Korea is a jury system. Korea’s judicial system is generally based on judges’ verdicts in all case. There is no trial by jury. The Supreme Court consists of thirteen justices and a chief justice. The process of appointing the Supreme justices is the same as the prime minister. They do not hold a lifetime postion, but serve for 6 years. The appeals courts are placed in five locations such as Seoul, Taegu, Pusan, Kwangju, and Taejeon which serve as retional centers. Besides the three-tier court system, the judicial also operates a family court, an administrative court and a patent court. As it was mentioned above, the government structure of the U.S. and Korea does not look very different. However, one thing to know is that Korean local government does not have as much power as state government has in the U.S. The U.S. states have autonomous government, but Korean local government tightly belongs to central government in many parts which means the power of central government is pretty strong. The federal government of the United States also has strong power according to diplomacy and other policies, but in Korea, the international issues, education, industry, environment, are all under the central government control. Another thing to consider is political parties. There are two political parties; Democratic and Republican. These parties are the ones with a realistic chance for winning the general election in the U.S. It is called a two party system. The reason why two parties could persist for a long time is because Democratic and Republican have their own ideology. In other words, they have directly-opposed platforms. Unlike the U.S. political parties, Korean political parties have been changed many times over the history of 63 years. Many political parties were formed and disappeared. For instance, the Democratic Party has been changed 25 times, and the Republican Party has been changed 11 times so far. The theme of ideological political parties got highlighted in Korean politics since the Democratic Labor Party which has a tendency to the leftwing liberal entered into the political party arena. However, the Korean political parties used to be more apt to be a group for benefits than a group fo r ideologies before. They used to take their regions more seriously than their ideologies. Now, two parties are opposed to each other; the Grand National Party as Republican and the Democratic Party as Democratic, but they are still not as conservative or progressive as the Republican and Democratic in the U.S. Since Korea became an independent coutry in the world, it has been as a democratic country for 63 years. However, in the beginning, civil freedom was not pretected by the government. People had to go through many hardships in order to have the liberties Koreans enjoy now; such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. For example, in 1980, a landmark event changed Korean laws to pretect citizens against abuse of power from the government and the president. Students and citizens rose up against Chun Doohwans government of military dictatorship. The president who held the real power of government and military declared martial law and sent troops to the city in order to put down the rebellion. They used violence against students and civilians, but all they wanted was a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. During this time, approximately 200 people died and 900 people injured and the incident is referred to as â€Å"5.18 Gwangju Democratization Movement† to commemorate the date happened. Because of people who tried to secure their rights and liberties, South Korea is now one of the â€Å"freest† coutries in the world meaning that Korean citizens can enjoy a wide range of civil liberties protected by law. According to the website, Freedomhouse, it says how free people in countries have political rights and civil liberties in a certain range from 1 up to 7; 1 to 3 is free, 3 to 5 is partly free, and 5 to 7 is not free. Obviously, the United States has the highest score; 1 for both political rights and civil liberties, and South Korea was evaluated one grade lower for civil liberties. The public attitude of Koreans has been changed simultaneously with Korean politics, but, unfortunately, it has been decreasing. Back in the 1990s, 71.2% of people answered that politics is important, but it is decreased by 19% in 2009. In addition, the proportion of people who talk about politics is decreased by almost 30% when they have a conversation with other people. Since procedural democracy was introduced in 1987, people’s expectation about politics was high. As time goes by, more people started regarding things they enjoy now as a natural result. In 1990, 34.2% of people thought of the government positively, but 19 years after, 10.8% of people trust the government and only 1.4% out of 10.8% was very trustworthy. It happens to voting turnout as well. However, many people still directly or indirectly participate in government even though people do not trust the government and are not interested in the government. For example, there are more people who launch and sign a signature-collecting campaign for political issues because of not only the improvement of freedom of expression, but also increase of opportunities to participate. Moreover, more people attend legal assemblies than before. As it was mentioned above, voting which is referred to as a formal and direct way people can participate in government is losing the interest from people. In spite of the fact, they find other ways to define their thought and position for political issues. The best example of the public attitude of Koreans about political issues is the large demonstrations against the resumption of beef imports from the United States in 2008. It has been a hot issue whether Korea opens the door to import beef from the U.S. The reason why people got angry at the government is because the government did not listen to the public opinions. There were many reasons why people strongly disagreed with the policy that the government decided. First, it would definetely affect the domestic livestock industry. Once they are imported in large quantities, people are going to buy the imported beef more than the domestic beef because the imported beef will be much cheaper. Second, there was a possibility of the â€Å"mad-cow† disease from the imported beef. Because of many facts, it has been postponded by two former presidents. All over the country, countless people went out to join the peaceful street demonstration againtst the government’s policy. Some people even brought their children, and people from all age groups were involved in the demonstration.Although the government’s response was very different from that of â€Å"5.18,† many Koreans still feel the government has a long way to go in order to be the democracy people want. In conclusion, Korea has been a democratic country for 63 years in the world. Many people sacrified their rights, liberties, and sometimes even life in order to create a better government for the next generation. Korean democracy might not be as stable as the U.S. which has the democratic history of 200 years. People never know if it is going to be better than now or how long it is going to take to get improved. However, Korean people know that their democracy is still going through a process of development. Works Cited â€Å"Introduction† The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. 19 Nov. 2009 http://www.assembly.go.kr/renew09/main.jsp>. â€Å"Introduction of Supreme Court† Supreme Court of Korea. 19 Nov. 2009 http://www.scourt.go.kr/main/Main.work>. â€Å"Federal government of the United States† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 19 Nov. 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government>. â€Å"Gwangju Democratization Movement† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 27 Nov. 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Democratization_Movement>. â€Å"Korean political culture† [emailprotected] 15 Nov. 2009 http://www.kapa21.or.kr/kapaforum2/kapaforum.php?fid=58>. â€Å"Map of Freedom in the World† Freedomhouse. 10 Nov. 2009 http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363year=2009>. â€Å"4.19 Revolution† 15 Nov. 2009 http://sigma101.nazip.net/menu_1_data/4_19.htm>. â€Å"Introduction of Democratic Party† Democratic Party. 28 Nov. 2009 http://www.minjoo.kr/>. â€Å"Introduction of Repulican Party† The Grand National Party. 28 Nov. 2009 http://www.hannara.or.kr/ohannara/index.jsp>.

Kant: Goodness :: essays research papers

Kant: Goodness The philosopher I used is Immanuel Kant. He was very practical in his thinking of goodness. A quote of his was "I ought, therefore I can". His view was good anything is under good will . He believed good will was the primary goodness, good in its purest form, and that it couldn't be corrupted. Good feelings and good intentions and actions can be interpreted in different ways; man can corrupt these things into evil...even though it still might be good in that man's eyes. What he's really trying to say is that good will is good in its objective form. Therefore, it defines goodness. A few examples of forms of goodness that could be corrupt are intelligence, courage, and resolution. These things can be very good, but can be used for evil as well. The short story I would like to allude to in order to connect these themes and ideas is "A Good Man is Hard to Find". The title even has "good" in it...and according to Kant, goodness in its purest form is good will. The question now would be, does the Misfit have good will? Is what he is doing good, objectively, and purely? He is purging and purifying the world. He is Christ like in many senses. He is purifying the world by purging it of its evil...relating to the Old Testament. God decided that the human race was too evil to survive, so he flooded it. God killed, as well as the Misfit. This isn't the same as Christ, though; it just adds to the religious element. Christ's mission was to try and rid the world of evil, and sacrificed for it. The Misfit sacrificed his freedom initially, was "reborn" again by escaping from jail, and become a Christ like figure again...he's now reborn, and his mission has an even stronger exclamation point on it, just like Christ's after he was resurrected. The literal differences are obvious; Christ never held anyone at gunpoint, let alone kill old ladies (no matter HOW hateful). But the allusions above illustrate that the Misfit was indeed a Christ-like figure with good intentions; good will . The Misfit was in a world of evil where he felt it was his mission, as well as his intention and his will, to be the savior of the good people. When it really comes to good will, I believe that the Misfit did have good will and that, in a world such as his, the South, he was not just playing God, but his will was forcing him to be God to judge the "infidels".

Optical Mice :: Free Essay Writer

Optical Mice School of Polytechnic Studies Department of Industrial & Engineering Technology COMPUTER PERIPHERALS A mouse is a device, or computer peripheral, lets a user control a cursor that allows data to be manipulated without having to use complicated keyboard commands. The mouse, though probably named mouse because of its appearance, was originally called an X0Y Position Indicator. Douglas Englebart, who worked for Stanford Research Institute, in 1963, invented the mouse, as we know today. The device didn’t become widely used an appreciated until 1973, when Xerox applied it to their Alto computer system. The mouse was also widely used in Apple computers and is now found on every computer today (Computer Hardware, www.computerhope.com/help/mouse.htm). If you look to the diagram to the right, you will see four parts track an optical-mechanical mouse’s X-Y position movement. When the mouse is moved the ball moves in the direction of the movement. When the roller rotates, light shines through the openings. This light is detected by two light sensors, which send signals to the computer of the movement. The offset of the light that the sensors receive determines the direction of each axis. So that motion is detected, the ball needs traction between the ball and the rollers, which is a major drawback to this design. A pure optical mouse works a little differently. Optical Mice need special grids that the sensor inside of the mice needs to see to negotiate motion. When this kind of mouse moves over this grid light from an LED or laser passes over the grid and the lines seen by the sensor. Optical mice are much more accurate judging motion than the ordinary optical mechanical mouse. One drawback to pure optical mice is that they might run into problems with bright lights (Computer Hardware, www.computerhope.com/help/mouse.htm). Optical mice, technologically more advanced and more accurate than ordinary mice, carry a hi-tech price. The average optical mouse runs from $30 to $100. Since a simpler and cheaper peripherals exist, optical mice aren’t used on a wide variety of systems yet. According to PC Data, no optical mice made it into the top 20 sellers list in any given month (ABCNEWS.com). Recently, though, Microsoft has introduced an optical mouse that can be used without grids on any surface. This new mouse has a camera that can take up to 1,500 images per second and has a high enough resolution to read even fibers in a blank sheet of paper (ABCNEWS.

Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies William Golding I. England II. Protagonist- Ralph is a rational boy who was elected the leader by the other boys. He tries to keep them civilized and plans to get them rescued. Antagonist- Jack is Ralph’s rival. He wants to be chief, so he gathers a group of boys and forms his own tribe. The boys are taught to b hunters and they act like wild animals. III. A plane carrying a group of schoolboys has crashed on an island. Ironically, the boys were escaping a nuclear war and being flown to freedom. Upon reaching this island they are overwhelmed by the fact that there are no adults and no rules. Ralph, a boy of twelve, is encountered with several male survivors. Him and the others decided to go in search of any other potential survivors. A boy named Jack and his troop then meets them. The two different groups don’t really seem to like one another and they are very different in matters of life. The boys are then faced with many obstacles and try to learn how to deal with it. At this point Jack does not like the way Ralph handles things and forms his own tribe. Ralph as the leader, does not feel that he has much control over the boys and that is why Jack formed his own tribe of hunters. Only two of the boys stayed and showed support to Ralph. Because of all the chaos Ralph no longer wants to be the chief and he knows that he can not change the way the other boys think or act. He doesn’t know what to do at this point and feels that he can’t make anyone civilized. Piggy and Simon are the two boys who stayed back with Ralph and because they chose to stay with him Jack’s group kills them. Everything just seems to be falling apart and no one is thinking straight. Through everything that has happened, Ralph struggles for survival against the â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, the other boys. There was an out-of-control fire meant to kill Ralph, but he did not die. He is then encountered with the boys and at this point they come to realize that they have to get a hold of themselves and move forward. The end of the novel shows that Ralph and the others are relieved by the fact that they no longer should act the way they did.

What is architecture?

I strongly and personally believe that when an architect is been added to a certain project it clearly meaner that art is being added to a project. Architecture is what runs a society. Without architecture society can be peaceful and happy but it cannot be organized and functional. Architecture brings stability to the society. Now why is architecture important? Because we all spend most of our lifetime indoors. We want a good environment. Our environment is largely effected by buildings and the amount of energy they use.When I came to Pip to study architecture I thought it will be easy but then I realized architecture requires commitment. There is no room for choice. Either you will love it or hate it, there is no middle ground if you wish to be successful. If you want to be an Architect you must free your mind, break sways convention, think critically and learn to question and when appropriate challenge. I was told to study history in Architecture. I hated it because I am a militant modernists but history is essential and can't be ignored.From history we get precedents, form, influence, challenges, failure and materiality. An Architect is very important to the society for not what only do or what he brings to the society. A tremendous change can only be brought if an Architect works with its full education. Change is constant in this society and this amazing process of change has long been a source of inspiration for designers and Architects. Engineers and Architects for their building projects. This is because the designs which bring change are not Just aesthetically pleasing but are also practical and innovative.Architecture is about ideas. Ideas can come from the location, nature, human beings, planets etc. The form can be inspired by the location. The materials can be influenced by the form. It is about space. Space is influenced by materials, scale, people and texture. â€Å"look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better. â€Å"-A lbert Einstein. As I love buildings which are nature inspired. These buildings which are inspired from nature are more sensational because some of the designs also take on adaptive features of the things they were based on.And I went searched for some buildings which were nature inspired and I was amazed to see the results that these buildings mark a great importance in today's world, For example- The Beijing national stadium r better known as the bird's nest stadium was designed by Swiss architecture firm Herzog & De neuron for the 2008 summer Olympics and Paralytics in Beijing china. As the name implies, the stadium looks like a giant bird's nest made out of 110,000 tons of steel. The entire cost of constructing the stadium has been reported at over IIS$420 million.The infrastructure was also built using advanced energy- saving design and environment friendly features such as natural ventilation & lighting, a recycling system for rainwater, use of renewable geothermal energy sourc es and utilization of photovoltaic power technologies. Now I said so much about this mega structure. Why? Because before reading about this bird's nest stadium I always thought designing nature inspired building is useless. We can't go far. Somewhere we will get stuck. This building changed my perception.When I first saw this building in a magazine, the next fifteen minutes I Just stared at that image of this building and continuously asked Just one question to myself, how could they do this? I was Jealous at the very same time by the architect. By his vision. By his creativity. No matter he Just used steel to wrap up the stadium but the idea behind this was something very amazing. Another building I want to mention is Palm islands. Palm islands are an artificial archipelago in Dubbed, I-JAKE that is shaped like a palm tree, topped with a crescent.The archipelago is made from sand and dredged from the Persian gulf and is house both residential and commercial establishments such as h otels, residential beach side villas and apartments, theme parks and restaurants. As an architect I want to leave an emotional response because architecture is about creating space in which people feel-sense and the proportions and rhythms of buildings create understandings that I know but how to put that into words. The beauty of architecture and the Joy of architect is we can set up potential for certain responses, but we can't force it. Owe someone will react is entirely subjective. Some spaces may energize one person and frustrate another. However if I careful craft my design, I can make opportunities for people to engage most of their senses. Smooth, rough, cold, warm. When I will introduce water or other calming feature, the sound can create a memory of what one was doing or thinking at that moment. Visual qualities can certainly create an emotional response with color, texture, light/shadow ND form. The emotional response does not need to be profound, Just a response. Was the person happy or feel pleasant is one response.Did it emitted curiosity? Or simply, does a space help one to focus or learning or lift their emotions to aid in their healing. Architecture of big malls and clash of sight and sound cause me to be frustrated, sometimes angry and sometimes I left an emotional response. In college every teacher who taught me said design a building in such a way that natural light should enter but when I design I hardly care about natural light. When any normal unman being goes to a mall he admires the outer faded of the mall. Then he enters and see interiors and gets amazed by it. He never cares about if natural light is coming or not.If the building is functional or not. He Just admires what he sees. Taking an example of MOM Amanda, in this building natural light plays a great role. This is an remarkable building. But I got to know this thing after I came to study architecture. Before that I was unaware of this sensational master piece. My point is norm al people hardly cares about all this. They Just want building to be beautiful. Hey want a building to glow like gold or smooth as silk or white as milk. La m not saying building should not contain natural light or it should be not functional. These points are very important for a building to work.My point is these points should be kept in mind while designing but they should not be given over emphasize. In this world there is a line of good ideas. What we think that good or brilliant ideas comes rare to the people. No, this world is full of talented people. But there are powerful people too who are at the top and dominates everyone. Making a good design is not enough. You should first learn to save what you have created if you want to survive in this world. If you want to prove your existence that yes I do live here you better know how to respond when someone raise a finger over your work.Anyone can through away your work or design in a dustbin saying this is a sit. If you don't kn ow what to say or if you have not prepared yourself for that then no matter how amazing your design is or was, that was nothing. Many architects take this term way too seriously- sustainable architecture. When a builder tells them to design a building for him they hunk of giving a foyer, multiple opening in the wall so that light can enter. But they forget that their first motive is to give their client a fool profit design. They should think about their client first.Morals too order you to do this. If someone has asked you to do something and he is paying for you than you should better think about them first. Suppose you were asked to design an office building and how your client will make more profit. You think about going for sustainable architecture and help in giving back something to environment. That is very good thing. But thinking other ay round if you will give windows and openings then the workers working inside will remember that they have a life outside too. They will b e connected to outside world too. F we think of sustainability than we should too think about this. This world work both ways. If I talk about why I chose architecture over another profession its because, to be very honest architect sounds cool. I know I will feel very proud to introduce myself as Architect Dear Bagman Sings. It sounds so good now too. Santiago collateral inspired me. I am a big fan of him. Why I love him or why I respect IM so much its because he has its own signature style. His buildings only will tell you that I was designed by collateral or I am a result of collateral's vision. This happened with me. Hen I was gowning through a magazine I saw a building and I thought this might be collateral's work and I was very happy when I read his name on the next page. This proves he has done architecture right when he is basically not an architect too. If you go and see collateral's building it will tell you a different story from every side you see. His buildings always h ave something new to offer. A suspense, a never ending building is what he designs. This is how architecture should be done. On your own terms. In this modern era when there are many great architects present, collateral stands in a different row.He has developed his own style and that's the most significant thing about him. He combines artistry with engineering. The title of the book written on him goes perfectly on him- â€Å"poetics of movement†. He is truly a genius in himself and the best thing is he is best in the stuff he do. Collateral's entry into high rise design began with an innovative 54-story-high twisting tower called Turning Torso(2005), location Mammal, Sweden. He is famous for his bridges and train stations. He is someone I want to be. He has his own thing in architecture. He belongs to architecture.There are many more great architects, greater than collateral too but what he is, is more important for me. I don't know his full biography or his history neither I no about all his works and projects but still he make me go crazy with whatever I know about him. Some of my classmates made a model of Lyon, airport railway station, Lyon France and they had many difficulties in starting. When they finished making the model they were very happy. The model name up very good. They said this was one of the best experience for them. But what I liked was when they said,We felt very good after making this model. I love this impact of claptrap which he have on every one of us. He faced a lot of criticism in his life but he replied by making awesome buildings. His work speaks. The thing I learnt from him his if you believe in yourself and in the stuff you do than you too can become great. Mummy†¦. One thing I realized after studying architecture for 2 years is most of the buildings which stands out loud in croup were the result of an architect ho designed by theory. If you Just make a functional building it will be like any other normal building.Bu t if you start a building with a concept which has nothing to do with architecture and then after you explore that and then when design a building by the properties and character of your concept you will surely win the battle. The more you think about theories, the more you will go into detailing. Theories will lead you to design every part of your building differently and with something which will increase the importance of that part. I will explain it with an example.. Like when you a photo of ours you like that photo more which was taken random.The picture in which you made poses will not entertain you that much because the picture which was clicked random will have a certain story behind that and that increases its importance. Same goes to design of a building. When you design lets say a room and if it has a certain concept or a story or a theory behind that then there are chances that your client will love that. Anything which is expressed or told in a certain way attract us. S o does buildings too. Coming back to Pip, design reviews are the most difficult parts but cost important and interesting too. T that time I find that I am finding it difficult to discuss my own design. Not Just me, even the student who has highest number of sheets and has worked very hard whole semester finds tough to deal with reviews. When whole class is standing behind you and you are there selling out your design to the two externals you never saw. Its hard. But from design reviews only we learn many things. At that very same time when I see my design I automatically realize I should have done this or I have made this block here. Reviews should be held very often.Reviews are the best teachers if someone asks me who is the best teacher of the block. That's the point where you have to save what you have created. Your design is like your small baby and you need to protect that from the world. You have to be at your best if you want to mark your existence. The last thing I want to a dd is architecture is clearly the most interesting thing ever happened to humanity. It is interesting, it is important, everyone needs this, it is cool, it is awesome, it is big, it is great. We need architecture to survive. Architecture changed the face of the earth. This explains its greatness. What is Architecture? What is Architecture? ‘We form our edifices, and afterwards they shape us’ [ 1 ] Architecture, like history, is undependable, subjective, selective, rewritten, continues to be influenced by rich or powerful persons or establishments, and is seldom a contemplation of the common adult male. The common aesthetic of a state has been carefully curated and developed over many old ages, to the point where it is no longer a true contemplation of the common people. Much like national costume, state dance or common people music, architecture is excessively frequently used to continue the memory of a aureate yesteryear. Architecture is an ideal.. It can and should germinate with the passing of clip toreflectnew challenges, aspirations and values. Modern western society has ne'er been more classless or democratic and its built environment caters to its dwellers in all facets of their being:it’s where they live, work and drama. As such the function of modern architecture is to profit ordinary people while at the same clip incorporating the reverberations of the yesteryear. Architecture has, and will, ever be used as a symbol of power and wealth or promote political orientations. From theRomanEmpire to theNew York skyline, the purpose of the abiding architecture of the yesteryearis toobserve the victory of the little category of governing elite, despite masquerading as a cultural infinite, where political undertakings attempt to go socially meaningful.[ 2 ]Today, the bulk of European national authoritiess have an architectural policy designed to profit their populations, and advance their alone national image or ‘brand’ abroad.This essay is intended as a limitedscrutiny of England as an illustration of how such a policy can accommodate the desire to continue our heritage without impeding advancement. Architecture as representation of national individuality. In 2009 Denmark launched its first national architecture policy, ‘A State of Architecture’ with the purpose of guaranting the production of high quality architecture, thereby vouching a good quality of life and economic growing.[ 3 ]This policy was specifically introduced to advance the values that Danish architecture seeks to stand for.[ 4 ]In 2013 Scotland introduced its ain architecture policy, ‘Creating Places’ , seeking to title-holder quality design which reflects Scotland as a modern, forward-thinking state[ 5 ] England remains one of the lone states in the European Union without any kind of policy[ 6 ]. Earlier this twelvemonth Ed Vaizey, Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, invited Terry Farrell to carry on one of the most extended probes into the UKs built environment.[ 7 ]Both Ed Vaizey and Terry Farrell have been outspoken about the importance of the built environment to the state as a whole, yet a Built Environmentwas non a subject covered by the footings of mention for the Review[ 8 ]andeven before the reappraisal had been published, Vaizey publically stated, â€Å" I have n't anticipated that the study will ensue in any alterations to statute law. †[ 9 ] Architecture in the UK The Farrell Review The Farrell reappraisal is an analysis of the current reinforced environment of Britain.It recognises that Britain has ever played a important function in architectural invention, and that in general the criterion of architectural design has improved.[ 10 ]However, this does non intend that current criterions are sufficient ; English architectural design has stalled and is confronting new challenges. The reappraisal high spots countries which are in demand of betterment over the coming old ages.[ 11 ] An Architecture Policy for 21stCentury England In the 1970s, England moved off from its industrial yesteryear, and old regional fabrication human dynamos, such as Birmingham, Newcastle and Manchester were eclipsed by London’s chokehold on the fiscal market.[ 12 ]In 21stcentury England there is one time once more a demand for alteration and a displacement in accent from the capital to the parts.[ 13 ] RIBA argues that a Minister for the Built Environment should be appointed to sit within the Cabinet Office â€Å"advancing quality in the reinforced environment and implementing a Design Policy across government.†[ 14 ]While ‘core’ sections such as the Treasury, Foreign Office and Home Office have continuity from authorities to authorities, architecture, lodging, substructure, conveyance and planning are apt to be lumped in with any figure of other ‘minor’ministries.[ 15 ] Presently, architecture is a subset of Heritage within the Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport ( DCMS ) . [ 16 ] The effect of this changeless shifting around is a haphazard and confused system that certainly indicates the dismissive attitude of cardinal authorities to the function of the built environment. This deficiency of focal point must be rectified. Nor is at that place any bing authorities appointed ( or other functionary )representative to defend the cause ofdesign[ 17 ]Farrell recommends that the currentDesign Review should be reinvented under the acronym PLACE – Planning, Landscape, Architecture, Conservation and Engineering.[ 18 ]All authorities sections and government-funded organic structures would so subscribe up to an agreed set of rules and a design policy statement, which would put out how they intend to organize the design quality of their several built environment aspirations, activities and duties.[ 19 ]Such a policy would besides take history of â€Å"procurement ( of services and merchandises ) , handiness, sustainability, information and communications engineerin g, care and stewardship and the public realm† .[ 20 ]This more cohesive attack lends itself non merely to greater efficiency and economic system, but besides represent a ‘kitemark’ of uniquely English architectural design, instead than merely current British criterions of buildings. Percepts of English Architecture Scotland and Denmark are confident that their peculiar national individualities are reflected in the values they intend their architecture to convey. If such a policy were to be in England what would its individuality be based upon? As the cardinal, dominant state in Great Britain for more than 300 old ages[ 21 ], and laminitis of the British Empire[ 22 ],the English have non needed in the yesteryear to worry about a specifically English national individuality: the place of authorities has ever been in London, the common linguistic communication has ever been English and the established faith has been the Church of England. England equated to Britain. However the recent ballot on Scots independency was a crisp reminder that nil is set in rock. The Empire, maritime and fabrication domination have all gone, and now there is a demand to rediscover an individuality that is unambiguously English and non merely a rehash of British cliches. The danger is that a policy based on national individuality might acquire hijacked by chauvinists, romanticists and diehards. In a address on St. George’s twenty-four hours, 1993, John Major attempted to chase away public frights of fall ining the European Union, by claiming that Britain would ever stay, â€Å"†¦distinctive and in Europe. Fifty old ages from now, Britain will still be the state of long shadows on county evidences, warm beer, unbeatable green suburbs, Canis familiaris lovers and – as George Orwell said – old amahs biking to Holy Communion through the forenoon mist. . .†[ 23 ] What he was depicting was middle-class, conservative, Home Counties England, which has ever resisted alteration and modernness. This nostalgic and rural English idyll is non a true contemplation of English national individuality and is exactly what has to be avoided if a national Architectural policy is to be genuinely good to the English state. The guardians of cocoa box England side-line the impact of the industrial revolution, which funded the manor houses and sign of the zodiacs, and the civic edifices so beloved to the Black Marias of environmentalists, ignore the slum clearances done in the name of societal justness in post-war urban planning, and keep in cheque edifice work of national importance that would profit the huge bulk of the population,in order to protect the privileged few[ 24 ]. Such attitudes in no manner reflect English national character traits of ‘pragmatism, Puritanism and utilitarianism that are aligned with ( instead than hostile to ) urbanism and econ omic growth’ .[ 25 ] There is a existent disparity betweenwhat ispromoted and protectedas‘English’ architectureby these privileged categories, and what ordinary people need. Introducing an architectural policy to England would non merely guarantee some sort of minimal design criterion, but could besides stomp inclusivity, invention and individuality as the war cries of modern English values. â€Å"The differentiation between historical and recent is excess. All that is past is our history. That which is most ancient is likely to be valued more extremely because of its rarity†¦ . Our recent history may turn out to be tremendously of import to future coevalss so we should try at least to expect this.†Steven Bee [ 26 ] England drastically needs to alter its attitude to architecture and individuality and recognise that a national individuality is about the present and should non merely be based on the yesteryear.Its incontrovertible repute for saving and preservation is a comparatively recent phenomenon: 75 old ages ago there were no listed edifices, whereas today there are over 375,000.[ 27 ]However, these are chiefly edifices which are sometimes referred to as â€Å"poster British heritage† ferociously defended bycertain coterie of British society whose gustatory sensations are selective and blinkered.[ 28 ]Merely 0.5 % of all listed edifices are modern, built after 1945.[ 29 ]The architecture of the industrial Revolution ( much of it based in the Midlands and the North ) are less prized than the Georgian sign of the zodiacs of the south-east.This is non a rejection of the yesteryear: There is an undeniable relationship between heritage, topographic point and individuality.[ 30 ]However, th e yesteryear is merely an facet of who we are. Persons have dreams and aspirations, and in the same manner topographic points should be aspirational. Even HRH Prince Charles who late released his ain recommendations intended to protect English design, insists that he is non against modern design, and stresses that edifices must take peoples’ demands into consideration.[ 31 ] Rather than being run by a self-seeking elite of upper and middle-class diehards, an effectual policy should be carefully curated by a panel of experts who are in melody with the people and the nation’s needs, able to judge without prejudice the best way for a modern England on a universe phase and willing to accommodate and amendprogramsto reflect altering fortunes. â€Å"( Britain ) stands out †¦ as a state with an vastly strong and diverse cultural individuality and memory expressed in its built and natural environment to which we all†¦ can associate†¦ It is those foundations of individuality and memory that provide Britain with its successful hereafter in a competitory and fast-changing universe.†Alan Baxter[ 32 ] Design for the Future The term ‘heritage’ is highly confining, it is frequently merely associated with the distant yesteryear.[ 33 ] The current coevals does non separate traditional and modern design as it was in the 20ThursdayCentury, this current mentality recognises sees the potency in what is already at that place, the value of topographic point, individuality and sustainability. [ 34 ] The attack is no longer to construct to be remembered, but to construct to profit future coevalss. â€Å"‘New’ and ‘old’ need non compete.† Lucy Musgrave. [ 35 ] After printing his reappraisal Farrell suggests that in fact England is a state which would non profit from entire, inclusive formal ‘English’ policy, and would really profit from regional policies which reflected our truly alone and diverse state. A policy that might work for cardinal London could hold really small relevancy to a small town in Wiltshire or a Northern industrial metropolis. Such an across-the-board formal policy is more effectual on smaller states,[ 36 ]a state like England has such a unique and huge scope of regional individualities that need to be protected, and possibly England’s long history and international presence means that it is non as easy for it to show a individual, cosmopolitan image. Farrell besides calls for a Chief Architect, similar to a Chief Planner, which would intend a consistent high criterion of design – our reinforced environment must execute successfully, we must hold adequate places for our population, we must und ertake clime alteration, andeven how can wedesign to cover with our altering environment, such as the inundations which hit Britain every twelvemonth.[ 37 ] Decision â€Å"History is non defined by the ‘discrete projects’ ( one-off edifices such as baronial places or palaces ) but is continuous.† Hank Dittmar [ 38 ] If England is to hold national individuality as an facet of national planning we must guarantee that it is the best qualities that are in grounds. Whether the solution is a one size fits all attack as suggested by Prince Charles, or a more localized, regional policy, as proposed by Farrell, the purpose should be to profit the full community by set uping standard values in architecture. That manner ‘good’ physiques are designed before they are erected as opposed to placing them as worthy or important long after they have been built.A design policy offers a centralized end for all those lending to the built environment. It goes beyond merely design,to a purpose and ultimate endto bring forth good designed quality edifice which to the full benefit the dwellers of England. Regardless of whether a policy is for a whole stateor a individual small town, it should be developed and enabled by authorities, but ledindependentlyby industry. The stewardship, long-run planning and individuality of existent topographic points should be a cardinal portion of reinforced environment policies.[ 39 ]It is critical that if a policy is of all time put in topographic point it must be right implemented. Past RIBA President Sunand Prasad compactly states, â€Å"It is people that make the difference non policy. Crudely put, good people can work round bad constabularies but good policies can non work round bad people.†[ 40 ] Policy is non about making a common manner, or seeking to mime the yesteryear, it is about guaranting quality design for edifices which decently benefit their users.